It turns downwards as the descending colon, which, like the ascending colon, is retroperitoneal. It is held on to the diaphragm by a peritoneal fold, the phrenicocolic ligament on which the spleen sits. The splenic flexure lies at a higher level compared with the hepatic flexure (Fig. In regions where radiopaque calculi (calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, silica) are commonly encountered in small ruminants, plain radiographs are recommended to determine the appropriate surgical approach(es) and to confirm resolution of the obstruction. Splenic flexure and the descending colon. In 8 of these animals, postoperative radiographs revealed residual calculi in the urethra and were essential for their targeted removal by urethrotomy in 7 animals. Location of uroliths determined by plain radiography included: cystic only (n = 5), distal to the sigmoid flexure and cystic (5), subischial (5), distal to the sigmoid flexure only (3), sigmoid flexure (3), and subischial and cystic (2). Radiopaque urinary calculi were detected in 23 (85%) plain radiographic studies. colic flexure, left the angular junction of the transverse and descending colon. cervical flexure a bend in the neural tube of the embryo at the junction of the brain and spinal cord. cephalic flexure the curve in the mid-brain of the embryo. Such anatomy, (reviewed in detail by Constantinescu (2017) ), facilities cervical penetration and intracervical semen deposition during mating with a sow. caudal flexure the bend at the aboral end of the embryo.
Signalment, surgical procedures, radiographic findings, ultrasonographic findings, position of calculi, and how plain radiography influenced surgical management and postoperative treatment were recorded. Boars have a long, fibroelastic penis with a sigmoid flexure and a spiraling apex resting within a two-compartment prepuce. Medical records (January 2002-November 2011) and radiographs for all small ruminants diagnosed with obstructive urolithiasis and having plain abdominal radiographs were reviewed. Small ruminants (n = 27 25 goats, 2 sheep). They develop in the urinary bladder and lodge in the distal sigmoid flexure of cattle and small ruminants or the vermiform appendage (urethral process) of the small ruminant, causing obstruction. To describe use of plain radiography for diagnosis, surgical management, and postoperative treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants.
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